Ornamental Plants of Home Garden Along the Coridor of Kopendukuh Village, Banyuwangi, East Java-Indonesia as a Basis for Ecotourism Planning

Home garden is a habitat for many plants species which are important in planning and management of tourism in rural area. Ornamental plants have crucial function to increase the appearance of homes and buildings through landscaping. The purpose of this study is to analyze ornamental plants species which grow in the home garden along the corridor of Kopendukuh Village as one of the potential attractions of tourism development. The observation of ornamental plants diversity was carried out at home gardens along the rural coridor of Kopendukuh Village. Totally, there are about 10 home gardens were assessed. In each home gardens, plans species were recorded and identified systematically. Qualitative analysis was performed using analysis of sociability, vitality, and periodicity. Result of the survey confirm that home garden is home of about 40 ornamental plants species. These species came from 24 family. About 59% of the ornamental species was classified as individual plant species live in small groups, 28% of ornamental plant was classified as shrubs. About 65% of are ornamental plant without flowers and seeds. The diversity of plants in home garden needs special attention, especially in order to increase settlement visual quality. Keywords: Kopendukuh, ornamental plant, sociability, vitality, periodicity.


INTRODUCTION 
Rural tourism destination is a rural area that has some special characters and attractions to become a tourist destination [1]. The interaction of local people and plants is one of the interesting tourism object [2,3]. Local plants are usually grown by the people in the home garden as an additional economic income. Local-home garden plants with high diversity can provide conservation value along the travel corridors of the village [4]. Home garden is a habitat for many plants species that act as a critical resource in planning and management of tourism [1]. Home garden is a piece of land that is located around the residence and clearly demarcated, planted with one or a variety of plants and still have a relationship with home ownership. When properly maintained, the land can increase scenic beauty of environment. Home garden can be planted with various types of plants that produce and required daily [5].
The important role of home garden in rural areas in developing countries has been widely reported [1]. Home garden also contribute to biodiversity conservation and environment. Home garden can be empowered to various commodities (crops and livestock) and can be integrated from fruit trees, vegetables, herbs, plantation crops, and animal husbandry [6].
Ornamental plant is a plant that can be shaped herb, vines, bushes, shrubs, or trees, planted as a component of the home garden which has unique form, distinctive and serves as a decoration to beautify and embellish both indoor and outdoor [7]. Ornamental plant has function to increase the appearance of homes and buildings through landscaping, open land abolish useless and increase the number of green open areas. In landscape architecture, the shape and placement of plants are important considerations.
Kopendukuh Village in Banyuwangi Regency has been developed as a rural tourism destination. Based on some resources of the village, the ornamental plant in home garden is one of crucial component that can be used as a tourist attraction. Environment quality in tourism area able to provide satisfaction and it can be used as a vehicle for education to tourists. Among the benefits of the home garden, the contribution of home garden in rural tourism destination development is rarely discussed [1].
Understanding the motives of planting some ornamental species by the local people is very important and allows planners to improve the vegetation quality of home garden which is becomes extremely important in areas adjacent to the attraction. Improving home gardens quality can be a crucial strategy to improve tourism destination quality. The purpose of this study is to analyze ornamental plants species which grow in the home garden along the corridor of Kopendukuh Village as one of the potential attractions of tourism development and the data is crucial for the future tourism destination planning.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area
The study area is located at the home garden along the rural coridor of Kopendukuh Village. Kopendukuh Village is one of the nine villages in Giri District. It is located in the northern part of Banyuwangi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Giri District is one of 24 districts in Banyuwangi Regency with total area covers 21,31 km 2 .

Sampling Procedure
The study was conducted in November 2014 to determine the diversity of ornamental plants species in home garden along the rural corridor of Kopendukuh Village. Preliminary study conducted to obtain information about the condition of the research sites. The next step is filed observations at every house that has a yard. One house with its garden was considered as one plot observation. The plot that has been observed is home with the yard that have at least 3 types of ornamental plants. Plot is mapped using GPS (Global Positioning System). There are about 10 plots in the home garden were involved in this study. The plant species which are grown in home garden was recorded and identified using standard plant identification book [8]. At the same time also conducted interviews with homeowners. Some of the questions related about the use of ornamental plants and the plant maintenance process. Pin indicates sampling locations [14].

Analysis Data
Ornamental plant description was conducted using qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis was performed to describes plant's sociability, vitality, and periodicity [9]. Sociability analysis was conducted in order to know the size of a certain population plant species on the site. Vitality analysis was conducted in order to determine the growth conditions and the presence of buds on a particular plant species. Periodicity analysis was conducted in order to determine the existence of a planting time to bedating through the presence of fruit and seeds as generative organs of plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species Diversity and Distribution of Ornamental Plants
Distribution of ornamental plants along the rural coridor of Kopendukuh Village was centered on the 10 plots that can be seen in Fig. 2 found. These species came from 24 families (Table 1.).
Home gardens in Kopendukuh commonly consist of three zones, front area, left side and right side area that are used for planting ornamental and fruit plants. The ornamental plants are planted to improve scenic beauty of the home. Back yard is the area where many plants grow in multi-cropping system. Tall and giant trees are often found in the back yard. Some plants even have huge canopy [1].
The ornamental plants were abundant in front area. The Euphorbiaceae, such as Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Acalypha siamensis, and Euphorbia mili, were planted in front area, and were used to improve visual quality of the house. Other common species are the members of Apocynaceae, Plumeria sp. and Rosa hybrida. Ornamental plants are important to increase the scenic beauty of environment. Inventory result showed that there are 10 ornamental plants species found abundantly along the rural corridor of Kopendukuh Village ( Figure 4; Table 2). Cordyline fruticosa L., Codiaeum sp. and Acalypha siamensis were found almost in all of the plot observation. Local people in Kopendukuh used Cordyline fruticosa, Codiaeum sp. and Acalypha siamensis as a plant barrier of their home.  Border plant has a variety of functions such as increase beauty of a building, as a barrier against dust, pollution and radiation sunlight [10].
Cordyline fruticosa, Codiaeum sp. and Acalypha siamensis are used by local people as a border plants. These plants are suitable plant for use as fence. Types of border plants are generally annual, have long life cycle or have a long growing age and growth is relatively slow. It is intended that the use of plants can be longer (long life time) so that the plant does not need to be replaced and the pruning is not too frequent [10].

Sociability of Ornamental Plant
Sociability is an overview on the existence of a species in a population, in this case is the existence of ornamental plants that grows in Kopendukuh village. Ornamental plants in this area are known to be found live in condition solitary, small group and large group of population. High degrees of sociability can be seen if the plant has high seed productivity, ability to grow high and great adaptability [11].
Distribution of the ornamental plants in kopendukuh village was found diverse in each plot. Based on data (Fig. 5)   People in Kopendukuh village are deliberately cultivated these plant for the aesthetic value and used them as a border plant. For example an ornamental plant A. siamensis is found in large population because they were easy to be formed, with design pattern that we want. These ornamental plants also has a vary shape and color leaf so it's very popular as a home garden plants. Thus the ornamental plants can become neat and beautiful for a home garden with aesthetic value.
Based on data in Fig. 5, the percentage of sociability in Kopendukuh village was dominated with sociability 2 (59%), an individual species living in small group >50. Sociability of a plant can be influenced by several things, including human impact or contribution and habitat conditions. The existence of ornamental plant communities in Kopendukuh village is known to have a diverse distribution pattern and live in small populations due to human influence.

Vitality of Ornamental Plants
Based on the analysis of general vitality can be seen that the populations were widely spread in the homegarden Kopendukuh Village is interest C. fruticosa L., A. siamensis and Codiaeum sp. The three types of this flower is easy to grow well in the yard citizens, has habitus shrubs, and have many shoots or tillers in the flower so that the population is in large quantities. According to the interview on the citizens, the plant were obtained from a funeral or found easily in the area of the village so that people feel the plant is easy to cultivate. In addition, many flowering plants are used as ornamental plants are Plumeria sp., R. hybrida, and E. milli. This group of flowering plant belong to trees and shrubs.
Based on the results of vitality diagram (Fig. 5) it can be seen that the highest value is vitality 4 (plants with traits that have habitus trees) as much as 28% is R. hybrida, Plumeria sp., H. lagenicaulis. The second highest is vitality 3 as much as 24 % with categories the plant have habitus bush such as Cordyline fruticosa L. , Zamia variegata, and Euphorbia mili. The plants that was found in general is a plant that can live in tropics and upland areas. Types of the plants were analyzed using the values of vitality and declared that the whole plant have habitus bushes, shrubs, and trees. Some plants have shoots and seeds, but some are not having shoots and seeds. The results of the analysis can be used as an indicator of vitality is to see the future of plant populations and determine the influence of the environment with plant growth.

Periodicity of Ornamental Plants
Based on a research, there are 10 kinds of plants with the highest frequency of occurrence in each plot. The data is presented in a table that shows the periodicity of each population. The type of Cordyline fruticosa L., Acalypha siamensis, Jatropha curcas L., Hyphorbe lagenicaulis, and Zamia variegate is an ornamental plant species with a periodicity of 4 that is not found flowers and seeds with a percentage of 65%. While Rosa Hybrida, Plumeria sp, Bougainvillea sp, Euphorbia milli with periodicity 2 and found the flowers with a percentage of periodicity 35% (Fig 5.).
Flowering phase in tropical plants started in the dry season but this research was conducted in November 2014 and was beginning the rainy season in East Java Province [12]. In addition, the pattern of flowering in tropical plant species are complex. Variations in climate can make plants more sensitive, for example effects on pollinators, seed pollination agents or predators. Therefore some ornamental plants not found flowering and seed plants.

CONCLUSION
Distribution of ornamental plants are mostly found along rural roads in Kopendukuh village is Euphorbiaceae with seven species. Method of this research was conducted using qualitative analysis. First analysis is sociability, showed that the highest value was individual species living in small groups (<50). Second analysis was vitality with percentage of 28% (mostly herbaceous plants, can thrive but no buds). Third is periodicity analysis with the highest value is periodicity 4, which means that the plants are found doesn't have flowers and seeds.