Nepenthes as Tourism Flagship Species : the Conservation Strategies in Dayak Seberuang Settlements Area

The aims of this research are to formulate the conservation strategies of lowland Nepenthes based on conservation status analysis, distribution map, and conceptualizing Nepenthes as flagship species for tourism. Research was held on January to October 2015 in Dayak Seberuang settlement areas, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Literature analysis was used to identify recent conservation status of Nepenthes. Spatial analysis with open access software QGIS ver. 2.4 was used to understand the distribution of Nepenthes. Descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis was used to analyze people perception about Nepenthes. The results showed that from five lowland Nepenthes species which commonly found in West Kalimantan Province, one of them, namely Nepenthes bicalcarata is categorized as vulnerable (VU), and rest of it was categorized as least concern (LC) based on International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN). The status of each lowland Nepenthes in West Kalimantan Province is urgent to improve because of much pressure to its population and habitat. Based on the distribution mapping, each Nepenthes has different preference of habitat. Nepenthes bicalcarata can be found only on canopy cover at peat swam forest, on the other hand, N. gracilis and N. mirabilis can be found in open area like Kerangas or secondary forest. Results of SWOT analysis showed that IFAS and EFAS score in range 4.107-4.086 which means that the conservation strategies of lowland Nepenthes in Dayak Seberuang settlements area are in growth phase to improve the Nepenthes population. There are opportunities for the use of Nepenthes as tourism flagship in West Kalimantan.


INTRODUCTION *
Indonesia is one of country with high biodiversity resources in the world.Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI-Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) reported that Indonesia has 1,500 species of algae, 80,000 species of fungi, 595 species of lichens, 2,197 species of fern, and 30,000-40,000 species of spermatophyte.Indonesian flora is 15.5% from all flora of the world [1].One of Indonesian endemic flora is Nepenthes and Indonesia is biodiversity center of Nepenthes in the world [2].
Nepenthes is a carnivorous plant which used its leaf modification known as pitcher to catch the prey.The pitcher is an adaptation to environmental stress especially the habitat with lack of nitrogen [2].In Indonesia, Nepenthes plants are well known as useful plants and recently popular as ornamental plants because of uniqueness of its pitcher [3].
Nepenthes popular as ornamental plants, thus invite the plant hunters to gather it in nature massively.It is one of threats to Nepenthes population in Borneo Island (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei Darussalam), besides habitat loss because of forest conversion to oil plantation [4].
The threats to Nepenthes population in nature are increasing every year [5].It became more complex and involves so many aspects, such as economics, cultures, social, politics, environmental health, ecology, etc.To respond that threats, the conservationist need to arrange a comprehensive strategy in Nepenthes conservation from some perspective to prevent the decrease of Nepenthes population.This research was aim to formulate conservation strategies of lowland Nepenthes based on conservation status analysis, distribution map, and people perception about Nepenthes.

RESEARCH METHOD Study site
This study was held in Dayak Seberuang Community settlements area which is one of traditional community in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia [6].This community administratively located in Sepauk Sub-district, Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province [3].It is a low land area with average altitude from 0-100 m asl.The common vegetation in this area is tropical lowland plants such as Shorea albida, Pandanus tectorius, Alstonia schoolaris, Sindora sp., Gluta renghas, Soneratia alba, and Planchonia grandis.

Data collection
The secondary data is conservation status from five lowland Nepenthes which is commonly found in 0-500 m asl in West Kalimantan namely N. ampullaria, N. bicalcarata, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, and N. rafflesiana [3,7].It was analyzed according to IUCN red list data (www.iucnredlist.org)which accessed on June 30, 2016.Spatial data from Nepenthes distribution was recorded with global positioning system (GPS) in each location of Nepenthes.People perception about Nepenthes was gathered through discussion and interview with chieftain, prominent figure of Dayak Seberuang People, traditional healers, and stakeholders from villages and Sub-district of Sepauk was involved as informants [8,9].

Data analysis
Every status of lowland Nepenthes which commonly found in West Kalimantan Province was analyzed based on the threats aspect [10].It then completed with data from other literature, field observation, and traditional people assessments.
Spatial data was analyzed with an open access software QGIS ver.2.4 to construct a distribution map of Nepenthes [11,12].Descriptive analysis was used to arrange people perception about Nepenthes [13].SWOT analysis with IFAS and EFAS matrix was used to quantified and analyzed conservation strategy of lowland Nepenthes [14,15].

Nepenthes Lowland Conservation Status
Based on IUCN, the conservation status of five lowland Nepenthes which commonly found in West Kalimantan Province are least concern (LC) to Vulnerable (VU) (Table 1).Nephentes ampullaria [16], N. gracilis [17], N. mirabilis [18], N. rafflesiana [19] were categorized as low risk/least concern.Based on IUCN in 2016, conservation status of N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, and N. rafflesiana is need updating because the last assessment is on 16 years ago when the threats is less complex then now.
On the other hand, the population of N. mirabilis is increasing caused by the habit of this species which commonly lives on disturbed habitat which increase in West Kalimantan Province by conversion of forest to agriculture fields [17].Nepenthes bicalcarata is categorized as vulnerable [2,20,21].Some of this status is not appropriate anymore to reliable condition in nature.For example, the population of N. rafflesiana is highly dependent to primary heath forest (Kerangas forest), whereas the scope of this habitat is decrease very fast every years caused by expansion of palm oil plantation.The worst condition is happened to N. bicalcarata, this species is an endemic species in northerneast part of Kalimantan Island.
This area only populated on peat swam forest and primary Kerangas forest which is decrease by forest burned from expansion of palm oil plantation and new paddy fields.Both of this Nepenthes status is need to increase into next level to maintain their natural population.Status raised is one of the solutions to maintain the population and makes local government aware about population threats in their region [22,23].
Dayak Seberuang settlements area cover more than three villages which connected by the river.The habitat of lowland Nepenthes in this area is actually specific and affected by the micro climate [24].This fact makes the conservation strategies from each habitat have to be different.Nepenthes conservation strategy, especially in Dayak Seberuang settlements area are depend on habitat where the Nepenthes lives, not based only on the species itself.Nepenthes threats is classified in category number five namely biological resource use [10,24] (Table 2).
Based on field observation and discussion to prominent figures of Dayak Seberuang community, threats to Nepenthes is also related to agricultural activities (Number 2) such as slash and burn technique for paddy fields (Table 2).Special condition of Nepenthes in Dayak Seberuang People is Nepenthes directly affected by tradition especially because it has many traditional use like traditional medicine, dye material, etc. [4].This condition can make Nepenthes population increase or decrease depends on how traditional people, local government, and related stakeholders manage it [25].

Conservation Strategy of Lowland Nepenthes based on Distribution Maps
Lowland Nepenthes which found in Dayak Seberuang settlements area is live in specific habitat.Specific habitat is some preference for each Nepenthes (Fig. 1).
Lowland Nepenthes conservation strategies in Dayak Seberuang (Setiawan et    In some condition, Nepenthes can be found lives side by side with other Nepenthes.Nepenthes bicalcarata can be found with N. ampullaria and N. rafflesiana but never found with N. gracilis and N. mirabilis.Nepenthes ampullaria can lives with all lowland Nepenthes in this area (Fig. 1).This habitat preference can make some point to arrange the conservation strategy for lowland Nepenthes especially in Dayak Seberuang settlement area.P Preference of Nepenthes distribution in their habitat affected by physical-chemical factors such as soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and light intensity [2,21,26].Soil organic matter is spread out vary in each habitat which caused by a long  [26].Nepenthes bicalcarata and N. rafflesiana disposed to lives in habitat with high contain soil organic matter and low light intensity like peat swamp forest and primary heath forest (Fig. 1).Nepenthes gracilis and N. mirbilis commonly found in open area with low SOM and high light intensity (Fig. 1).

Nepenthes ampullaria can be found in almost all
Nepenthes habitat in lowland area [2,21].Nepenthes distribution's map can be use as source/references for arrangement of Nepenthes conservation strategy.Preference of Nepenthes distribution specific to some habitat is the main point in Nepenthes conservation strategy.Specific habitat is the main target to conserve Nepenthes.For example, N. bicalcarata in Dayak Seberuang settlement area only found in peat swamp forest, its mean that the peat swamp forest is a primary target to conserve and maintain the population of N. bicalcarata (Fig. 1).Distribution map is a common tools in arrange the conservation strategy and policy to be more effective and accurate on target [27].

Conservation Strategy of Lowland Nepenthes
Internal factors of SWOT analysis consist of strengths and weakness.The highest score of strengths factor is that traditional people still respect the culture in the highest level and it score is 0.893 (Table 3).This factor supported by traditional events which held every year to celebrate the expression of gratitude to the Creator and Owner of universe known in Dayak Seberuang believe as Betara Puyang Gana for the harvest in that years (Fig. 2).Cultures and traditional values are important factors to conserve the biodiversity [28,29].Otherwise, cultures degradation in young generation of Dayak Seberuang People is the highest score of weakness factor with score 0.893 (Table 3).This condition is affected by weak of awareness from young generation about traditional values.It also caused by high impact of modernization with lack guidance from elders [30,31].Over all, total score of internal factors is 4.107 which in strong level (Table 3).
External factor which has the highest impact to Nepenthes conservation is the opportunities of support from local government to conserved endemic Nepenthes with score 0.776 (Table 4).
Local government, in this case is Sintang Regency is made Nepenthes as one of their new mascot.The Nepenthes mascot can be found in entrance gate of Sintang Regency from Pontianak.The reason of Sintang Regency made Nepenthesas a mascot is that there were found at least 11 species with one species, namely N. clipeata is one of the most rare and endangered Nepenthes in the world [2,7,21].The highest score of threats factors is the expansion of palm oil plantation around custom forest with score is 0.862 (Table 4).Palm oil expansion is happening massively in all over Kalimantan Island, especially in West Kalimantan.Kalimantan Island lost 30.7% of their forest in 1973-2010 and it will continue while palm oil expansion still allowed [4].Kalimantan Island is the center of Nepenthes distribution in the world, loss of habitat and forest in Kalimantan is mean loss of Nepenthes population too [2].The total score of external factors is 4.086 (Table 4) which means that external factors support Nepenthes conservation in strong level.
The combination of internal and external factors showed that lowland Nepenthes conservation strategy in Dayak Seberuang People settlements area is in growth phase with ratio 4.107 : 4.086 (Fig. 3).It means that the conservation strategy will be succeed if the collaboration from Dayak Seberuang people, local government, researchers from local collages, and NGO's can complements each other.This collaboration will have important roles in Nepenthes conservation.If conservation only done by some people/organization, the results of it will be not optimal [14,32,33].

Some recommendation for conservation Strategy of lowland Nepenthes in Dayak Seberuang
Settlements area as follow: 1. Nepenthes which categorized as high threats based on IUCN and Salafsky conservation threats [10]   The idea of the use of flora and fauna as flagship species has been suggested by scholars [34,35].The charismatic species often attract tourist to visit some particular area, such as komodo in Komodo National park or Orang utan in Tanjung Puting National Park.There is also possibility to use Nepenthes to attract tourist.In such a case, the conservation of Nepenthes is crucial.
Local community, local government and tourism planer have expressed their concern about Nepenthes as tourism flagship species in Dayak Seberuang in West Kalimantan.Nepenthes are considered high priority in tourism image development as flagship species.It is based on Nepenthes importance in the daily live of local people in Dayak Seberuang.

CONCLUSION
Nepenthes conservation strategy has to be formulated from different perspective to overcoming the Nepenthes threat which become more complex every time.Nepenthes conservation status analysis can be use to determine the priority of conservation action, Nepenthes which have critical status should be priority for conservation.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Nepenthes Distribution in Dayak Seberuang People Settlements Area Nepenthes ampullaria can be found in secondary forest with open canopy, heath forest (Kerangas forest), peat swam forest, and edge of lake.Nepenthes bicalcarata only can be found in peat swamp forest.Nepenthes gracilis and N. mirabilis commonly found in an open canopy area like secondary forest and disturbed habitat.Nepenthes rafflesiana commonly found in primary Kerangas forest and peat swamp forest.In some condition, Nepenthes can be found lives side by side with other Nepenthes.Nepenthes bicalcarata can be found with N. ampullaria and

Table 2 .
Threats Classification of Lowland Nepenthes Note: *Based on field observation and interview from Dayak Seberuang People, West Kalimantan

April 2017 time
process of soil weathering.It affects other soil physical-chemical factors like soil acidic level (pH), canopy coverage, light intensity, temperature, humidity, etc.The distribution of SOM and other factors effected the distribution of Nepenthes in natural habitat [116] J. Ind. Tour.Dev.Std., Vol.5, No.2,

Table 3 .
IFAS matrix (Internal Factors Analysis Summary)

April 2017 distribution
Nepenthes distribution data analysis used open access software QGIS 2.4 produced the range area of Nepenthes Lowland Nepenthes conservation strategies in Dayak Seberuang (Setiawan et al) center and other ecological factor which affect Nepenthes population.People perception analysis about Nepenthes and it threats can be use to formulate Nepenthes conservation strategy based on indigenous knowledge perspective.People perception with IFAS and EFAS score in range 4.107 : 4.086 means that the conservation strategies of lowland Nepenthes in Dayak Seberuang settlements area are in growth phase to improve the Nepenthes population.Conservation strategies of common lowland Nepenthes in West Kalimantan should be based on people perception and indigenous knowledge which combined with natural condition like Nepenthes distribution and it preference.Nepenthes has significant value as tourism destination icon, especially for tourism flagship species.