Use of Macrozoobenthic for Water Quality Monitoring in Ecotourism Area of Prafi River , Manokwari , West Papua

The aim of research is to monitor the water quality of some ecotourism sites along Prafi Rivers (Manokwari, West Papua) using macrozoobenthic biotic index, Prati’s index and some chemical-physical factors of water. Research was done from July to September 2016. Sampling was performed through Purposive Random Sampling. Macrozoobenthic was collected from each sampling sites in three locations, (upstream, middle stream, downstream) using Surber net and hand net. Water quality was categorized based on Implicit Prati’s Pollution index that is derived from DO, BOD5, pH, nitrate, orthophosphate, and water temperature values. Macrozoobenthic data was used to analyze the diversity index and six biotic indices. Result of the study showed that DO, BOD5, pH and nitrate value in all location meet the standard quality for water based on PP. no 82, 2001 class II (fisheries, recreation, animals husbandry, and irrigation). The turbidity value in sites of upstream, middle stream and downstream Subsay and SP3 have made the standard water quality according to WHO for drinking water (<5 NTU). Based on the Prati’s index, the water quality was ranging from excellent to acceptable categories with value 0.4-1.9. The taxa richness of macrozoobenthic was 31 taxa. The Shannonwiener diversity index in all stations were more than 2, indicated that the water was not polluted. The water quality of all station showed very excellent up to moderates (based on FBI), very excellent up to very bad (HBI), and excellent up to less polluted (ASPT). Percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (% EPT) in all station up to 50% (excellent), except in station SP3 upstream (40%). EPT richness value in all station excellent to moderate. It can be concluded that the water quality of Subsay in upstream, middle stream, downstream and downstream of SP3 was excellent. The middle stream of SP3 and middle stream of SP1 has moderate quality, while the water quality in SP3 upstream, SP1 upstream and SPI downstream was bad.


INTRODUCTION *
Ecotourism is the form of tourism with sustainable environmental principles.The regulation aspect of ecotourism development in Indonesia was based on Environmental Law no.4,1982, in which the aims of ecotourism is promoting the wide use of natural resources [1].Subsay River, Prafi 1 River Reservoir (SP1) and Prafi 3 River Reservoir (SP3) is the river and reservoir which are used as a tourism sites in Manokwari, West Papua.A far, the natural and infrastructure potentials for tourism was poorly managed by local government.It is shown by the absent of regulation on the use of natural resources and infrastructure for tourism attraction.These rivers and reservoir were used as tourism attraction by local community in West Papua, with numerous tourist activities like bathing, swimming and fishing.The water also used to support ponds and pools, in which it is also involved in tourism industry in Manokwari.SP1 reservoir is used as tourism sites, besides that, there is an exploration of stone, gravel and sand by community from Manokwari.Problems in tourism sites often related to the tourist activity which are contributes to the environmental aspect.A lot of tourist number of tourism sites rarely controlled and examined, leading the difficulties in recreation sites management.There is also poor carryingcapacity-based management.These aspects potentially contribute to environmental degradation in tourism sites, including water and its hydrological systems [2].
Management of Subsay Rivers and reservoir as a water resources capital is important, especially in the perspective of sustainable uses.Therefore it is crucial to perform water resources quality using biological indicator and characteristic of its physical and chemical aspects.Chemical and physical examination will inform factual condition of water quality.The limitation of chemical and physical examination is, however, related to the cost.Limited budget becomes the problem for complete examination of chemical and physical aspect of water quality [3].Biological techniques can be alternative Water Quality Monitoring in Ecotourism Area of Prafi River, Manokwari (Sinuraya et al.) [104] J. Ind. Tour.Dev.Std., Vol.6, No.2, April 2018 methods to examine water quality, especially in the perspectives of sustainability of water environment management.Some advantages using biological control includes easy in implementation, rapid and low cost.This approach also able to provide picture of water quality because characteristics of biotic organism is fast in responding pollutant and environmental changes [4].Biological analysis can be done properly using information of biotic community structure and indices analysis [5].Community structure of macrozoobenthic is sensitive to environments that affect the quality of water.
The species of macrozoobenthic has different tolerant degree to environmental changes and therefore able to use in water quality assessment [6].There are some indices available to uses complementarily with macrozoobenthic analysis to examine level of organic pollution in water environment, including FBI (Family Biotic Index) and HBI (Hilsenhoff Biotic Index) while ASPT index (Average Score Per Taxa) was used to identify level of toxic material pollution [7].In practices, some Insect group from Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera able to indicates the excellent water quality [8].The Prati's implicit Index was used to analyze physical and chemical parameters that are used to identify level of pollution of water ecosystem based on DO, BOD, pH, Nitrate and Phosphate data [9,10].

RESEARCH METHOD Study Area
Sampling sites was developed using Purposive Random Sampling [11].Sample collection was collected in the beginning in summer in three location, namely Subsay River, (SP1) and (SP3) (Fig. 1).Sample was collected from three points (upstream, middle stream and downstream) with distance between points was 10 m.There are totally 9 observed stations in this study.

Macrozoobenthic Collections and Evaluation of Water Physical and Chemical Quality
Macrozoobenthic with habitats of stone and gravels was sampled using Surber net and macrozoobenthic in riparian habitat using hand net.These samples were collected and separated from debris using plastic disk.Sample was done until at least 100 individual of macrozoobenthic in each station was collected to calculate biotic index value [7].The sampled macrozoobenthos organism was collected in flacon bottle with 70% alcohol.The collected sample of macrozoobenthic was identified with microscopy examination.Identification was done using identification keys of macrozoobenthic [8,12,13].The examination of physical and chemical water quality in field was includes: temperature (examined using thermometers), (pH examined using pH meter), DO (examined using DO meter and turbidity (using turbidity meter).The BOD5, nitrate and orthophosphate was analyzed in laboratory.Nitrate and orthophosphate were examined using spectrophotometer.Nitrate was analyzed using spectrophotometer with wave length 410 nm using Brusin methods, while orthophosphate was analyzed in wave length 690 nm with Stannous chloride methods [9].Cluster and Biplot analysis based on biotic indices was done using PAST program [14].

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Physical and Chemical Aspects
From nine observed stations, pH ranges from 7.55 to 8.46 (Fig. 2 [4].The pH of water was determined by the ability of water to release and bind hydrogen ions and level of ionized ammonium influence pH become low [15]. Result of the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) from nine station shows DO ranges from 7.93 mg.L -1 to 9.43 mg.L -1 (Fig. 2).According to national water standardization, this value has meet the water class II.According to PP. No. 82, 2001, the DO should be more than 4 mg.L -1 [16].The highest DO was 9.43 mg.L -1 found in Subsay middle stream station.This can be caused by the area along the station that has good vegetation.The lowest value (7.93 mg.L -1 ) found in SP1 upstream.This is potentially is the effect of open area and absent of vegetation.In freshwater ecosystem, dissolved oxygen was influenced by temperature, in which in 0°C dissolved oxygen was 14.16 mg.L -1 , O₂ concentration decrease with the increase of water temperature [17].Dissolved oxygen in water was caused by the contact of water surface with atmosphere and photosynthesis process [18].Loss of oxygen from water ecosystem occurs through oxygen release from atmospheric and respiration activity of aquatic organism [19].
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) value of nine station was range from 0.44 mg.L -1 to 4.57 mg.L -1 (Fig. 2).These value were beyond the standard value of recommended BOD, in which governmental regulation through PP.No. 82, 2001 which state that BOD should < 3 mg.L -1 [16].The highest value of BOD (4.57mg.L -1 ) was found in station SP1 downstream.It is caused by human activity (e.g.bathing, washing) that cause aerobes microorganism consume more oxygen, especially in its activity to decay an-organic compound resulted from its activity.The lowest BOD was 0.44 mg.L -1 found in Subsay middle stream station, represent there are human activity in the sites but in low intensity.BOD shows amount of oxygen in water that are able to consumed by aerobes microorganism in oxidize organic material in particular environment caused by human activity (e.g.bathing, washing) in river [20].The evaluation of Nitrates from nine stations are ranging from 0.08 mg.L -1 to 0.54 mg.L -1 (Fig. 2).According to PP. No. 82, 2001, this value in ranges of water quality class II, in which Nitrates less than 10 mg.L -1 [16].The highest nitrate value was 0.54 mg.L -1 found in Subsay middle stream station and the lowest 0.08 mg.L -1 was found in SP3 upstream.Nitrate is the stable nitrogen that needed by organism for protein synthesis.The level and concentration of nitrates in water influence the growth of algae [21].
The turbidity evaluation of nine station ranges from 0.12 to 53.27 NTU (Fig. 2).Turbidity value in all Subsay stations and all SP3 stations meet the maximum standard of water turbidity according to WHO for drinking water (< 5 NTU) [22].Turbidity value from SP1 upstream to SP1 downstream were 53.27 NTU, 53.20 NTU and 53.23 NTU, consecutively.The high turbidity value in observed area was caused by sand exploitation and human activity (e.g.bathing).Turbidity is the important abiotic factors in water ecosystem that related to the sedimentation phenomena.Turbidity has significant impact to the organism live in water ecosystem [23].
Result of the temperature monitoring in all observed station ranges from 23.83°C to 28.27°C (Fig 2).The highest temperature was 28.27°C found in Subsay middle stream station.It is caused by less of plant canopy factors in this sites, lead the decrease and low sunlight that directly penetrate the water body.The lowest temperature was 23.83°C, found in SP1 downstream station.It caused by sample time in the afternoon time [24].Temperature pattern in aquatic ecosystem was influenced by some factors, including sunlight intensity, hot energy changes between water and its surrounding environment, altitude and tree canopy in riparian area [25].
From the calculation of Prati'S Implicit Index, it is found that pH, BOD5, Nitrate and orthophosphate from nine observed station classified as Excellent to Acceptable [26] with value ranges from 0.42 to 1.94 (Fig 3).The high value index shows that water quality was bad.The value of Prati's index was shown in SP1 downstream station, with ranges value 1.94 and the lowest found in Subsay downstream station with value 0.42.From this data, it is shown that station SP1 is the sites with low water quality compared to the Subsay and SP3 station.This is caused by the level of DO (%) in this station was low.

Profiles of Community Structure and Macro-Zoobenthicbiotic Index
There are 31 macrozoobenthic taxa found in all observed stations.It is consist of 7 Classes, including: Platyhelminthes, Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Table 1).There are variations of macrozoobenthic in each taxa, and not all taxa was found similarly in all stations (Fig. 4 and Table 1).The Subsay upstream station has the highest macrozoobenthic taxa (17), while the lowest found in SP3 middle stream (10).Increase of taxa number in Subsay upstream and SP1 middle stream stations was related to the increase of organic materials nutrients resulted from the natural process, including debris of organic mater from dead trees [27,28,29].Decrease of taxa number in Subsay middle stream, Subsay downstream, all SP1 stations, and all SP3 stations was related to the increase content of detergent which is released to the water environment through human activity, including agricultural activity, recreation activity and daily life human activity in the observed sites.From all observed sites, sensitive 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1. macrozoobenthic to pollution were found.It is including Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera [30,31].The existence of theses taxa in water ecosystem indicates that the water quality was excellent [32].
The Shannon-wiener diversity index of macrozoobenthic found in all observed station ranges from 2.33 -3.11 (Table 2).Based on the index value, it is shown that the water was not polluted, as shown by H>2 [33,34].This diversity index is one of the accurate index to examine level of pollution in water ecosystem caused by toxic materials [35].The Family Biotic Index (FBI) value of macrozoobenthic shows level of pollution caused by organic matter.FBI value in all observed station ranges from 3.09 -5.18 (Table 2).Water quality in all station was grouped into three criteria, including very excellent, excellent and moderates [30].All Subsay stations, SP3 middle stream and SP3 downstream stations grouped into sites with excellent water, all SP1 tations was excellent, while SP3 upstream station was moderates.It is caused by the high human activity in river, including recreation, bathing and washing.There also impact of agricultural activity with application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides surrounding SP3 stations [36].Therefore, there are policy and attention needed to control and properly manage theses sites towards excellent water ecosystem quality.Effort to increase excellent water quality should be promoted, while regulation in the area which able to minimize water ecosystem threats should be well developed.Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) value of macrozoobenthic is the index that shows the level of pollution of water ecosystem by organic matter until species level.Result of the HBI value of all station ranges from 3.91 -6.53 (Table 2).Water quality in all station was grouped into four criteria, i.e. very excellent, excellent, moderates and bad [30].The Subsay upstream, Subsay downstream, SP3 middle stream and SP3 downstream station was classified into very excellent, while Subsay middle stream was excellent.SP1 upstream, SP1 middle stream and SP3 upstream stations were moderates, while SP1 downstream was bad.This is potentially occurs due to human visitation as tourist in water ecosystem and its recreation activity, especially in sites which area is accessible for tourist.In such area, there are waste produced by tourism activities.This result shows that water quality analysis with HBI consistent with result analysis based on FBI [30].
The Average Score per Taxa (ASPT) of macrozoobenthic is one of the index that able to show the water quality.The calculation of ASPT in all observed stations shows that the index range is 5.00-7.13(Table 2).Water quality in all observed stations were grouped into two category; clean water (>6) and low polluted water (5-6) [30,37].In Subsay, SP3 middle stream and SP3 downstream were grouped as freshwater.The water in SP3 upstream and all SP1 stations are low polluted.Human activity in observed stations area, including agriculture with chemical fertilizer and pesticides, stone and sand exploitation for construction material, and poor management of waste, high number of visitors, fishing and other recreational activities contributes to the pollution of the observed sites [36].

The
Ephemeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) value of macrozoobenthic based on the calculation of all observed station more than 50%, except in station SP3 upstream (Table 2).The high value of EPT (more than 50%) shows the excellent quality of water ecosystem [7].The high value of EPT can be resulted from the abundance vegetation in riparian area of the river ecosystem.The nutrition to support macrozoobenthic lives in water ecosystem can be provided by vegetation in riparian ecosystem along the river [30,31].
The EPT taxa richness (EPT richness) in all observed stations was given in Table 2.There are 10 taxa in SP1 middle station, 7 taxa in SP3 upstream and SP3 middle stream, 6 taxa in Subsay upstream, SP1 upstream, and SP3 downstream stations, 5 taxa in Subsay downstream station, and 4 taxa Subsay middle stream and SP1 downstream stations.The taxa richness (EPT) ranges from 6-10, shows the water ecosystem is good (slight impact), while value of EPT richness between 2-5 is categorized as fair (moderate impact).Based on the EPT analysis, there are 6 locations with low pollution of organic materials, and 3 locations with organic pollution in medium level [30,31,38].

Water Quality Groups in Observation Sites based on Macrozoobenthic Biotic index and Principal Component Analysis
Water quality in recreation sites area based on Macrozoobenthic biotic indices was classified into six category (Fig. 5).All Subsay stations were characterized by the high value of H' and ASPT, taxa richness, moderate Chironomidae and low HBI.The high value of H' and ASPT shows absent of toxic compound in water environment, while the low FBI and moderate HBI shows less pollution by organic matter in normal level [30,33,34].Based on the taxa richness, there is indication of organic matter pollution in low Water Quality Monitoring in Ecotourism Area of Prafi River, Manokwari (Sinuraya et al.) [109] J. Ind. Tour.Dev.Std., Vol.6, No.2, April 2018 level.It can be said that this water has no pollution in observed water ecosystem or in an excellent quality [30].
The SP3 downstream station has high H' and ASPT, with moderates taxa richness and Chironomidae.The high value of H', ASPT and taxa richness was characterized by the absent of pollutant materials, especially anorganic or toxic materials, while the moderate value of Chironomidae shows relatively low organic pollutant [6,30,33,34,39,40].It can be said that the water in observed station has been slightly polluted by organic matter.It is because there is small-scale agricultural activity with application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides surrounding the station [36].
The station of SP3 middle stream has high H', ASPT and taxa richness, and low Chironomidae, FBI and HBI.Based on these high value of H', ASPT and taxa richness, this observed station can be said has no toxic pollutant and Chironomidae.The low value of FBI and HBI shows the low number of organic pollutant.Therefore, there has been pollution by organic pollutant in low level.It is caused by the high activity of human activity in river, including recreation, bathing and washing [36].The Chironomidae is a pollutiontolerant taxa and the presence of these taxa may indicate moderate to poor water quality [6,30,39,40].
The station SP1 middle stream has high H' and taxa richness, moderates ASPT, and low value of FBI, Chironomidae and HBI.Based on the high value of H' and taxa richness in this station, it can be estimates that there are no pollution from toxic material [35].The value of ASPT indicates slight pollution from anorganic compound.The low value of Chironomidae, FBI and HBI shows the low to moderate level of organic matter pollutant in water ecosystem [30].These can be said that there are pollution in moderate level in observed station.It is caused by the high activity of human activity in river, including recreation, bathing and washing [36].The Chironomidae is a pollution-tolerant taxa and the presence of these taxa may indicate moderate to poor water quality [6,30,39,40].
Station of SP3 upstream has high value of HBI, FBI and Chironomidae.The taxa richness was moderate while H' and ASPT was low.Based on the high value of HBI, FBI and Chironomidae with moderate value of taxa richness, this station can be identified with low to medium pollution caused by organic compound [30].The low value of ASPT shows a slight pollution of anorganic matter.Therefore, it can be conclude that this station was polluted by organic compoud in medium level [30].It is caused by the high numbers of human activity in river, including recreation, bathing and washing.There also impact of agricultural activity with application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the surrounding area of the station [36,38].Based on these analysis, it can be said that these station has been moderately polluted by organic matter, while low ASPT shows the slight anorganic material pollution.From these data, it can be concluded that these stations polluted by organic matter in moderates level [30,37].It is caused by the human activity in river, including recreation, bathing and washing [38].There also impact of agricultural activity with application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, mining of sand and stones, and the amount of garbage that still scattered from recreational activities [36].Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from all stations, it can be said that all Subsay stations and SP3 downstream station has excellent quality.The SP3 middle stream and SP1 middle stream stations has moderate water quality.Otherwise, the SP3 upstream, SP1 upsteram and SP1 downstream stations has bad quality [14].

CONCLUSION
The physical and chemical characteristic of water in all observed stations according to PP. No. 82, 2001 was classified as class II, in which the water met to the activity for fisheries, recreation, animal husbandry and irrigation.The turbidity value of all stations are in range of maximum water turbidity standard of water environment according to WHO for drinking water (<5 NTU), except for all SP1 stations.The Prati's Index value of all station from the parameters of dissolve oxygen, BOD5, pH, nitrate and orthophosphate shows that water quality was excellent to acceptable.Taxa richness of Macrozoobenthic in all observed station as calculated 31 individual from 7 class, including Platyhelminthes, Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera and Trichoptera.Based on the some Macrozoobenthic biotic indices, it is clear that water in all Subsay stations and SP3 downstream station has excellent water quality.The SP3 middle stream and SP1 middle stream stations has moderates water quality, while in SP3 upstream, SP1 upstream and SP1 downstream was bad.